Comparison of stem volume estimates from terrestrial point clouds for mature Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziessi (Mirb.) Franco)

As a complement to traditional estimates of stem dimensions from numerical models, terrestrial light detection and ranging (Lidar) provides direct stem diameter and volume values using cylindrical models constructed from point clouds. This study used two approaches to estimate total stem volume using Lidar and compared them with two empirical equations, one used by the Forest Inventory Analysis in the Pacific Northwest (FIA-PNW) and one based on a taper equation. We fitted point clouds of 10 Douglas-fir with three sets of cylinder models that are distinguished by their segment length (i.e. 0.5 m, 1 m, and 2 m), then developed three taper equations based on the point-cloud-based diameter estimated previously. We estimated the total stem volume of the tree with eight models: six-point cloud-based (i.e. three taper and three cylinders) and two empirical. Finally, we used simulations to extrapolate the volume estimations of various methods for different diameters at breast height (DBH) classes. We found that all the point-cloud-based taper equations were similar in their performance ($R^2=0.94$, RMSE = 4.6 cm) and produced mean volume estimates greater than mean estimates of the existing models. The cylinder models produced 11–16% greater mean volume estimates than the FIA-PNW estimate, with the 0.5 m segment length producing the greatest values, followed by the 1 m and 2 m segment length. The simulated data suggested that the mean volume estimates of a given DBH class are different when using different computation methods. ANOVA revealed a combined effect of the computation methods and the DBH class on the mean volume estimates. We conclude that the point-cloud-based taper equations, after being symmetrically calibrated, would be consistent with the regional stem volume estimates, whereas the cylinder models would be better in estimating individual stem volume. When constructing Lidar-based cylinder models in future applications, cylinder segment length would need to be adjusted to the length and DBH of the stem, as well as to the objectives of the research.