A Review of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Fault Diagnosis: Progress and Perspectives

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are regarded as a substitution for the combustion engine with high energy conversion efficiency and zero CO₂ emissions. Stable system operation requires control within a relatively narrow range of operating conditions to achieve the optimal output, leading to faults that can easily cause accelerated degradation when operating conditions deviate from the control targets. Performance recovery of the system can be realized through early fault diagnosis; therefore, accurate and effective diagnostic characterisation is vital for long-term serving. A review of off-line and on-line techniques applied to the fault diagnosis of fuel cells is presented in this work. Off-line approaches include electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge (GSC), visualisation-based and image-based techniques; the on-line methods can be divided into model-based, data-driven, signal-based and hybrid methods. Since each methodology has advantages and drawbacks, its effectiveness is analysed, and limitations are highlighted.