Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in São Paulo: spatial analysis shows advances, but not sufficient social inclusion

ABSTRACT Large contemporary cities demand complex solutions that integrate and territorialize different public policies based on evidence data. In São Paulo, Transit Oriented Development (TOD) has been used as an integrated urban and transport planning tool to promote a more sustainable and inclusive development of the city since the last City Master Plan (2014), approved after much resistance from the sector real estate. After almost a decade of implementation, spatial research reveals a desirable urban density, with a significant increase in the number of real estate projects built and a reduction in the size of housing units in these areas. However, low-income households have not been sufficiently included in the growth of TOD areas due to rising property prices. We argue that in cities with high social inequality, such as São Paulo, TOD guidelines should be adjusted based on specific socio-spatial and legal contexts to promote more inclusive and sustainable development.