Therapeutic Repurposing of Antidiabetic Drugs in Diabetes-Associated Comorbidities

Diabetic patients suffer from various comorbidities like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, obesity, cognitive impairment, gout, leishmaniasis, etc. We aimed to review the pathological links between diabetes and its comorbidities and discuss the justification for using antidiabetic drugs in diabetes and associated comorbidities. Diabetic patients accompanied by comorbidities had to undergo a multidrug regimen apart from their common antidiabetic drugs, which affects their quality of life. There have been reports that some antidiabetic drugs ameliorate the comorbidities associated with diabetes. For instance, metformin is implicated in CVDs, cancer, as well as in cognitive impairment like Alzheimer's disease (AD); glyburide, a sulfonylurea, is found to be effective against leishmaniasis; and voglibose, an α- glucosidase inhibitor, is found to have suitable binding property against SARS-CoV-2 infection in diabetic patients. Targeting the comorbidities of diabetes with antidiabetic drugs may reduce the load of multidrug therapy in diabetic patients. The effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs against some diabetic comorbidities between the two pathophysiological conditions, i.e., diabetes and its comorbidities, may be due to certain bidirectional links like inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption in the metabolic milieu and obesity. There are published reports of the repurposing of antidiabetic drugs for specific diseases, however, compiled repurposed reports of antidiabetic drugs for a wide range of diseases are scarce. In this review, we attempt to justify the use of antidiabetic drugs in diabetes and associated comorbidities.