The morphological characteristics of the old Lebanese churches in Koura, Batroun and Byblos, from the 8th Century to the 13th Century

Taking into consideration the increasing need to define the chronology of the churches based on their architectural elements.This paper primarily aims to develop a wider understanding of ecclesiastical characteristics;this is exactly why anindispensable analysis was carried out to understand these architectural features and to make them easily recognizable.Furthermore, this research is an attempt to monitor how the different morphological characteristics of churches affectthe general chronology.For the study of the churches, the methodology of investigation of the architectural elementswas used.This tool of investigation has been applied to the direct analysis of morphological evidencefor a better understandingand to clarify its relationship with the chronology.Thisstudy relates to ecclesiastical templesfrom the 8th century to the 13th centuryin Koura, Batroun and Byblos. Unfortunately, there are no remaining churches before the 8th century, especially after the great earthquake that struck Lebanon in 551 AD. The Crusaderperiod takes place from the end of the eleventh century tothe end of the thirteenth century(between 1095 and 1291AD).In the 13th century, the Fourth Crusade left behind a series of important churches that had a great impact on the architecture of Lebanon.