UAS integration in congested terminal airspace: challenges posed to pilots

There is increasing demand to operate unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in congested terminal environments, such as busy commercial airports. With this demand comes challenges to pilots. To identify these challenges, we conducted critical decision method (CDM) interviews with pilots. CDM is a cognitive task analysis method aimed at uncovering tacit cognitive challenges. Eight pilots from the U.S. were interviewed including four UAS pilots and four commercial pilots. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, resulting in the identification of four categories of cognitive challenges: (i) noticing anomalies, (ii) diagnosing automation behavior, (iii) understanding when and how to intervene, and (iv) coordinating with air traffic control. In this paper, we describe each challenge, highlight real-world examples from our interviews, and provide some recommendations for addressing the implications of integrating UAS in congested terminal airspace.