Restoration of low-intensity fire in Quercus-Pinus mixedwoods following a prolonged period of fire exclusion

Low-intensity surface fire is required to restore and maintain Quercus-Pinus mixedwood composition, structure, and function. However, historical fire exclusion has resulted in altered vegetation-fuels-fire feedbacks in long-unburned mixedwoods. Fire is now being reintroduced to reduce fire-intolerant understory and midstory stem density, consume excessive litter accumulation, eradicate the duff layer, and achieve various other goals; however, the consequences of restoring fire are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to quantify the effects of fire reintroduction on intra-stand Pinus echinata neighborhoods in a mixed Quercus- P. echinata stand following an extended period of fire exclusion. We report results from a three-year sampling of the effects of one dormant season and one early growing season fire on woody plant dynamics, understory light, fuel conditions, and P. echinata basal duff-ring accumulation. The sapling assemblage was unaffected by one fire, but the second fire resulted in shoot mortality across all taxa. Understory light availability was unchanged after two fires, and litter depth was significantly reduced after the first and second fire. We found that fire seasonality was likely more important than fuel conditions to achieve desired fire effects. Our results indicated continued fire and midstory treatment will be required to regenerate P. echinata.