艾希纳定律在拉丁语、希腊语及其他语言中的应用:一些被忽视的证据

IF 0.2 0 CLASSICS Journal of Latin Linguistics Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI:10.1515/joll-2023-2003
Vincent Martzloff, Barbora Machajdíková
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引用次数: 0

摘要

摘要根据一个通常被称为Eichner定律的语音规则,在印欧语系的史前时期,一个长的*ā的质量不受相邻的喉音*h2或*h3的影响:拉丁语spārāre'hope'<*spāh2-s-(desideive),古斯拉夫语spŞti“成功”<*spēh 2-(参见吠陀语中的*sph 2-ró-和拉脱维亚语中的prosperus;古斯拉夫语中的*speh 2-i-s-);托查里亚语B yerpe<*h 3ērb h-o-“圆盘,球体”(无着色)与拉丁语orbis<*h 3orb h-i-“圆圈”。这篇文章的目的不是重新评估所有涉及艾希纳定律的重建的价值,而是主要关注两个被忽视的支持其有效性的例子:拉丁语īdús<*h 2ēid-“Ides”,一个最初指满月的术语,与aemidus<*h 2eid-(一个被解释为tumidus的术语)的联系可以被合理地论证;希腊人ἔγκατα<*h 2ınk-“胸部和腹部上部内部器官的质量”与ὄγκις“肿胀、肿瘤、体积”(来自一个古老的意思是“弯曲”;这个词经常指体积,而不是重量)。之间惊人的结构平行性ἔγκατα<*h 2ḗnk-r/n-“拔毛”(带Osthoff缩短)和ἧπαρ<*(H)yḗk w-r/n-“liver”需要仔细检查后一个词,并详细讨论Lat.icur,gen.iocineris令人费解的声乐。该研究旨在对这些项目进行仔细分析,考虑到它们的精确语义和相关的比较数据。将特别强调对所讨论的词元的形态形状负责的衍生过程。古典语言,尤其是拉丁语,似乎可以对理解加长等级结构的形态做出决定性的贡献,这反过来又为拉丁语和希腊语词典的历史提供了新的见解。
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Eichner’s law in Latin, Greek and beyond: some neglected evidence
Abstract According to a phonetic rule commonly referred to as Eichner’s law, the quality of a long *ē was not affected by an adjacent laryngeal *h 2 or *h 3 in the prehistory of the individual Indo-European languages: Latin spērāre ‘hope’ < *spēh 2 -s- (desiderative), Old Slavic spěti ‘be successful’ < *spēh 2 - (cf. *sph 2 -ró- in Ved. sphirá- and Lat. prosperus; *speh 2 -i-s- in Old Slavic spěxŭ); Tocharian B yerpe < *h 3 ērb h -o- ‘disk, orb’ (without colouration) versus Latin orbis < *h 3 orb h -i- ‘circle’. The purpose of the article is not to reassess the value of all reconstructions involving Eichner’s law, but to focus primarily on two neglected examples supporting its validity: Latin īdūs < *h 2 ēid- ‘Ides’, a term originally referring to the full moon, for which a connection with aemidus < *h 2 eid- (a term glossed as tumidus) can plausibly be argued; Greek ἔγκατα < *h 2 ēnk- ‘mass of the inner organs of the thorax and of the upper part of the abdomen’ related to ὄγκος ‘swelling, tumour, bulk’ (from an older meaning ‘curvature’; the word constantly refers to volume, not to weight). The striking structural parallelism between ἔγκατα < *h 2 ḗnk-r/n- ‘pluck’ (with Osthoff-shortening) and ἧπαρ < *(H)yḗk w -r/n- ‘liver’ requires a close reexamination of the latter word and a detailed discussion of the puzzling vocalism of Lat. iecur, gen. iocineris. The study aims at offering a careful analysis of these items, taking into account their precise semantics and the relevant comparative data. Particular emphasis will be laid upon the derivational processes responsible for the morphological shape of the lexemes under discussion. It will appear that the Classical languages, especially Latin, can make a decisive contribution to the understanding of the morphology of lengthened-grade formations, which in turn offer new insights into the history of the Latin and Greek lexicons.
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