WOODEN BRIDGES IN EGYPT DURING KHEDIVE ABBAS HELMY II: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DOCUMENTARY STUDY OF SAMPLES

This study investigates wooden bridges established during the reign of Khedive Abbas Helmy II. These bridges are known solely through historical and archaeological documents preserved in the Egyptian National Archives. This investigation includes five wooden bridges in Lower Egypt, such as the Umm Galagil Canal Bridge. In Upper Egypt, three wooden bridges on the Magaga canal and the Aba Waqf wooden bridge. The research further revealed the interest of Khedive Abbas Helmy II in constructing bridges on the Nile and its branches, as well as the identity of their architects. The documentary study identified the types of wood used and their characteristics, as well as the reason for establishing these bridges, determining their location and cost, and identifying the date of their construction.