专业钢琴学校活动的表演基础和教学原则

T. Atroshchenko, T. Bondar
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摘要

这篇文章描述了欧洲和乌克兰主要钢琴学校提供的活动。重点是这些机构教学的基本方法原则。分析了乌克兰地区钢琴学校组织方式的一些特点。阐述了维也纳学派对钢琴艺术发展的重要影响。介绍了代表伦敦学派的克莱门蒂先生的教学实践特点以及法国钢琴学派代表的教学实践。重点介绍了钢琴流派中不同时期钢琴家在方法论上的成就。研究了钢琴技巧的重要性及其对培养专业钢琴家的影响。明确了钢琴技法的三种类型。它们如下:经典技术,其特点是小指技术,具有主动的手指划动,手指从“骨头”移动的最大精度和手腕上的自由手;浪漫的技巧,涉及到手指垫的感觉发展,使用整个手的重量——它的完全释放,“legato”连接和旋律优美的手指;表现主义的技巧,其中肩带的技巧很重要,结合了前两种类型的技巧,添加了钢琴家自己的技巧,在琴键底部有一个明显的支撑,手稍微固定。有两种类型的钢琴技巧,有小的和大的。有纹理的布局是典型的小技巧:音阶、位置组、装饰(melismata)、颤音、重复、各种琶音、各种比喻和三分之二。大型技巧包括和弦、八度音阶(包括断音)和其他双音符(五元组、六元组)、颤音和跳跃(跳跃)。概述了乌克兰钢琴学校发展的主要方向。它们是:民主原则及其遵守;人格全面发展;运用创造性方法促进学生的个人发展;民族与世界艺术文化成就的结合;利用国家音乐遗产;不同艺术对人格发展的影响;学生在学习、音乐感知发展和历史理论知识掌握中创造性潜能的体现;促进国家和世界艺术文化。
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Performing-based and pedagogical principles of the activity in professional piano schools
The article describes the activities that leading European and Ukrainian piano schools provide. The focus is on the basic methodological principles that underpin teaching in such institutions. Some peculiarities related to the ways how regional piano schools were organized in Ukraine are analyzed. The significant influence of the Viennese school on the development of pianism is stated. The peculiarities that characterize M. Clementi’s practices, who represented the London school as well as teaching practice of the representatives of the French piano school are described. The emphasis is placed on the methodological achievements of pianists in piano schools according to epochs. The importance of piano techniques and its impact on training a professional pianist is studied. The classification of piano techniques according to three types has been clarified. They are as follows: classical techniques, which are characterized by small finger technique, with an active finger stroke, maximum accuracy of finger movement from the «bone» and free hand on the wrist; romantic techniques, which involve the development of sensations in finger pads, using the weight of the whole hand – its complete release, «legato» connected and melodious finger; expressionist techniques, in which the technique of the shoulder girdle is important, combining the techniques of the first two types with the addition of pianist’s own techniques, where there is a noticeable support at the bottom of the key with a slightly fixed hand. There are two types of piano techniques that are small and large. Textured layouts are typical of small techniques: scales, positional groups, decorations (melismata), warbles, repetitions, all kinds of arpeggios, various figurations, and double thirds. Large techniques include chords, octaves (including broken ones) and other double notes (quintuplets, sextuplets), tremolo, and leaps (skips). The main directions in the Ukrainian piano school development are outlined. They are: democratic principles and their observance; comprehensive development of personality; application of a creative approach to the personal development of students; combination of achievements of national and world artistic culture; the use of national musical heritage; influence of different arts on the personality development; manifestation of students’ creative potential in learning, development of musical perception and mastering of historical and theoretical knowledge; promotion of national and world artistic culture.
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