The functions of lactoferine in the oral cavity

Lactoferrin is a cationic glycoprotein found in different compartments of the body and secreted mostly by glandular epithelia and neutrophils. Although initially considered that its functions derive solely from its iron-binding capacity, further research demonstrated the pleiotropic nature of the glycoprotein. Thereby, lactoferrin fulfills various essential physiological functions based on its anti-infectious, immunomodulatory and antioxidative properties. In the oral cavity, lactoferrin is an central component of the local defense mechanisms, and based on its versatility, it can prevent the occurrence and progression of different local pathologies, including periodontitis. Microbiological and inflammatory periodontitis-induced modifications influence the local levels of secreted lactoferrin, the protein becoming a potential diagnosis biomarker of periodontal disease. Moreover, lactoferrin has a potential adjunctive therapeutic benefit in periodontal treatment, based on the interference of the biomolecule with local microorganisms, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity. Additionally, the adverse effects of lactoferrin administration seem less evident as compared to other adjunctive agents. Thus, the present study aims to review the most important characteristics of lactoferrin in different oral pathologies, particularly in periodontitis.