Anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of a new silesaurid assemblage from the Carnian beds of south Brazil

ABSTRACT New specimens and the reassessment of many silesaurids have recently shed light on the origin and early evolution of dinosaurs and their close relatives. Yet, the group is relatively poorly represented in South America, an area that likely played an important role in dinosaurian origins. Since the discovery of Sacisaurus agudoensis from the Norian Caturrita Formation, only the fragmentary Gamatavus antiquus and Amanasaurus nesbitti have been reported from the Triassic of south Brazil. Here we describe disarticulated silesaurid remains from Waldsanga, one of the most important tetrapod-bearing localities of the Santa Maria Formation, which represent the second Carnian occurrence of the group in Brazil. The postcranial elements exhibit a combination of dinosauromorph symplesiomorphies and silesaurid diagnostic traits, showing that a conservative anatomy is pervasive among early dinosauromorphs. We also conducted a set of exploratory analyses to infer the phylogenetic relations of the new occurrence and the robustness of some of the most recent phylogenetic hypotheses in face of the increasing diversity of Silesauridae. This revealed a rather uncertain evolutionary scenario not only for Silesauridae, but for early dinosauromorphs in general.