采样的挑战以及系统发育比较方法如何帮助:以Pama Nyungan薄层对比为例

IF 1.7 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Linguistic Typology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI:10.1515/lingty-2021-0025
Jayden L. Macklin-Cordes, Erich R. Round
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引用次数: 3

摘要

摘要系统发育比较方法在我们的领域是新的,对大多数语言学家来说,至少有点神秘。然而,导致他们在比较生物学中发现的路径与平衡抽样的方法论历史非常相似,以至于他们没有被语言类型学家发现只是历史的偶然。在这里,我们阐明了系统发育比较方法背后的基本逻辑,以及它们与专注于采样的深层知识传统的根本联系。然后,我们介绍了概念、方法和工具,使类型学家能够在日常类型学研究中使用这些方法。系统发育比较方法和平衡抽样的主要共同点是,它们试图处理由于谱系学而导致的统计不独立性。尽管采样永远无法实现独立性,并且需要丢弃大多数比较数据,但系统发育比较方法在保留和使用所有比较数据的同时实现了独立性。我们讨论了系统发育信号的基本概念;树木的不确定性;对谱系敏感的类型平均数和比例;跨语系的比较;以及面积效应。大量的补充材料说明了用于实际分析的计算工具,我们还说明了在Pama Nyungan的薄层对比的类型学案例研究中讨论的方法。
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Challenges of sampling and how phylogenetic comparative methods help: with a case study of the Pama-Nyungan laminal contrast
Abstract Phylogenetic comparative methods are new in our field and are shrouded, for most linguists, in at least a little mystery. Yet the path that led to their discovery in comparative biology is so similar to the methodological history of balanced sampling, that it is only an accident of history that they were not discovered by a linguistic typologist. Here we clarify the essential logic behind phylogenetic comparative methods and their fundamental relatedness to a deep intellectual tradition focussed on sampling. Then we introduce concepts, methods and tools which will enable typologists to use these methods in everyday typological research. The key commonality of phylogenetic comparative methods and balanced sampling is that they attempt to deal with statistical non-independence due to genealogy. Whereas sampling can never achieve independence and requires most comparative data to be discarded, phylogenetic comparative methods achieve independence while retaining and using all comparative data. We discuss the essential notions of phylogenetic signal; uncertainty about trees; typological averages and proportions that are sensitive to genealogy; comparison across language families; and the effects of areality. Extensive supplementary materials illustrate computational tools for practical analysis and we illustrate the methods discussed with a typological case study of the laminal contrast in Pama-Nyungan.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
5.00%
发文量
13
期刊介绍: Linguistic Typology provides a forum for all work of relevance to the study of language typology and cross-linguistic variation. It welcomes work taking a typological perspective on all domains of the structure of spoken and signed languages, including historical change, language processing, and sociolinguistics. Diverse descriptive and theoretical frameworks are welcomed so long as they have a clear bearing on the study of cross-linguistic variation. We welcome cross-disciplinary approaches to the study of linguistic diversity, as well as work dealing with just one or a few languages, as long as it is typologically informed and typologically and theoretically relevant, and contains new empirical evidence.
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