紧急状态作为战胜有组织犯罪和警戒的工具:米却肯州和格雷罗州的比较研究

IF 0.3 Q3 LAW Mexican Law Review Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI:10.22201/IIJ.24485306E.2020.1.14809
Felipe Carlos Betancourt Higareda, Enrique Uribe Arzate
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引用次数: 0

摘要

2009-2014年期间,有组织犯罪在墨西哥各地,特别是在米却肯州和格雷罗州,受到各种政治当局的打击,并从有罪不罚中获益。这种情况引发了严重的宪法危机,因为这些当局被有意义地推翻,无法在这些地区适当执行法治。这些现象导致了当地民间社会自卫团体的兴起,作为保护他们最基本权利免受无情犯罪侵害的绝望措施。然而,由于犯罪组织的灾难性活动,这场起义加深了这些地区已经经历的宪法危机,因为这意味着墨西哥政府完全没有恢复法律秩序。本文认为,墨西哥总统在墨西哥国会正式批准下正式宣布紧急状态,将有效解决米却肯、格雷罗和其他地区在这一时期正在经历的宪法危机,并完全打消了当地人民的期望,即在面对有组织犯罪时,将治安维持者作为保障其基本权利的最后手段。这一论点基于档案研究、视频纪录片中上传的人们的证词、墨西哥宪法、国际人权法、克林顿·罗西特的宪法独裁学说以及罗伯特·阿莱西关于平衡和审议的法律学说。
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The State of Emergency as an Instrument to Overcome Organized Crime and Vigilantes: A Comparative Study of Michoacán and Guerrero
In the period of 2009-2014, organized crime subjected all kinds of political authorities and benefited from impunity throughout Mexico, especially in Michoacán and Guerrero. This circumstance provoked a grave constitutional crisis since these authorities were meaningfully overridden and were not able to properly enforce the rule of law in these regions. These phenomena brought about the rise of self-defense groups from local civil societies, as a desperate measure to protect their most fundamental rights from ruthless crime. However, this uprising deepened the constitutional crisis, already experienced in these regions due to the calamitous activities of criminal organisations, because it implied the complete absence of the Mexican state to restore legal order. The present article argues that a formal declaration of emergency by the Mexican President, with the official approval of the Mexican Congress, would have solved efficiently the constitutional crisis that Michoacán, Guerrero and other regions were going through in this period, and would have competently discouraged the expectations of the local people to relay on vigilantes as their last resort to guarantee their fundamental rights in the face of organized crime. This argument is based on archive research, testimonies of people uploaded in video documentaries, the Mexican Constitution, the International Human Rights Law, the doctrine of constitutional dictatorship of Clinton Rossiter, and the legal doctrine on balance and deliberation of Robert Alexy.
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