Genistein - characterization of the molecule, similarity to estradiol and pharmacological potential

In recent years, the scientific world has become more interested in genistein. It has been the subject of extensive research for its potential in treating various diseases and as a functional food. The medical benefits of genistein are well documented in the literature. Several studies have been performed to better understand the mechanisms of its beneficiary effects on health and to improve its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. It has been approved for relieving menopausal symptoms and has received attention for its use in the treatment of inflammatory and age-related disorders, cancer, metabolic illnesses, genetic disorders, and skin care. Genistein shows considerable similarity to endogenous estradiol. It is classified in the group known as phytoestrogens which exhibit properties corresponding to estrogen in the human body. The estrogenic activity resulting from the aforementioned similarity in the appearance of genistein and estradiol molecules makes it possible for genistein to act as both an estrogen agonist and antagonist, depending on the number of endogenous hormones present in the environment in which it is found and the type of tissue. The similarity of the chemical structure of genistein and estradiol and interactions occurring between estradiol and genistein and the amino acid binding site of the estrogen receptors were analyzed. Further controlled trials are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of genistein. Future research will focus on enhancing its bioavailability through structural modification and innovative delivery methods and conducting human trials to confirm its biological and pharmacological effects.