Inequitable Experiences and Outcomes in Young Children: Addressing Racial and Social-Economic Disparities in Physical and Mental Health

Given the high rates of child poverty in the United States, socioeconomic disparities exist regarding children's physical and mental health. These disparities are particularly pronounced for children of color, who are more likely to experience poverty compounded by the vestiges of historical and systemic racism. Physical health disparities include higher rates of mortality, growth impairments, allergies, respiratory difficulties, tooth decay, and injuries. Disparities have also been found in the mental health arena, including a higher likelihood of internalizing and externalizing disorders, as well as trauma symptoms, and differences in the timing of diagnosis of, types of, and treatments for mental health disorders. Familial, neighborhood, service, and systemic contextual factors further solidify these disparities. It is critical to address the structural causes of these disparities and their consequences to promote more positive outcomes in affected children. A system of care that integrates economic programs, child care and education supports, parenting interventions, and appropriate physical and mental health care is essential to meet the health needs of children from impoverished backgrounds. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, Volume 4 is December 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.