Chemical toxicity assessment and Physiological investigation in rats exposed to pyrethroid insecticide type 1 and possible mitigation of propolis

Abstract The current investigation aims to study the potential protective effects of propolis methanolic extract (100 mg/kg BW) on the systemic toxic effects after dietary exposure concentration (1/100 LD50 for 30 days) of permethrin (PM) administered in experimental rats. In this experiment, we added propolis four weeks after PM -administration to examining the medicinal effects. Therapeutic use of propolis mitigated PM -induced deterioration of liver and kidney functions and myocardial damage measured by cardiac enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) in serum. In addition, propolis treatment (prophylactic and therapeutic) prevented PM-induced apoptosis index, including B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (BCL-2)-associated X (BAX) protein activates, and lipid peroxide (LP). The results showed propolis induced a significant decrease in serum levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin one beta (IL-1β), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Besides, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), and hematological constituents. Cardiac biomarkers, liver, and kidney functions were substantially lower in propolis treatment. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC- MS) of the propolis-MeOH extract showed valuable antioxidant phenolics and flavonoids capable of alleviating oxidative stress through the free-radical scavenging efficacy and regulating signaling pathways of proinflammatory cytokines.