History and current state of interbody fusion device material science

Interbody fusion devices are increasingly utilized in the field of adult lumbar spinal surgery. Surgical technique and device technology continues to improve upon the management of adult spinal pathology through indirect decompression, supplementation of the biological and mechanical properties of the local environment to encourage fusion, and directly addressing both sagittal and coronal deformity. Historically, interbody fusion was achieved through grafting and rudimentary devices. Recently, attention has been turned to the materials and design of interbody devices with the goal of providing the optimal interface between bone and the device to facilitate the fusion process. This review will provide historical context and address the current state of material science of interbody devices and design as well as outcomes and complications of various devices used in interbody reconstruction.