Heterogeneity issues in IoT-driven devices and services

Internet of Things (IoT), which connects billions of devices and services to the Internet, is viewed as the future industrial and intellectual revolution in technology. These connected devices are available in a variety of types. Different technologies and standards use various protocols to interact with each other. Due to these difficulties with heterogeneity, the application of IoT on a broad scale is difficult. This inspired us to identify the problems from the literature and offer solutions to solve the IoT scalability problem. This study is based on the systematic literature review (SLR) to identify the diverse problems and their solutions. We chose 81 primary sources in total. We found 14 distinct IoT heterogeneity concerns after extracting and interpreting the data. The following issues have been noted as potential obstacles: heterogeneity in data formats, heterogeneity of devices, heterogeneity in communication, and interoperability difficulty because of heterogeneity. From the perspectives of digital libraries and timeframes, the stated challenges have been addressed. Additionally, we have discovered 81 solutions in total for these problems, with at least 5 different answers for every issue. In the future, we will use a multi-criteria decision-making issue to classify the problems and evaluate the solutions.