Modelos institucionales de regulación y competencia en Europa y su aplicación al caso español

The integrated model of regulatory and competition authorities approved in 2014 in Spain has received significant criticism even before the creation of the CNMC. Much of such criticisms were based on the lack of verifiable international experience in Europe in this kind of organizational structure. Therefore, faced with a possible reform of this model in the future, it is worth asking: What would be the best institutional structure? What other institutional designs exist in the countries around? The article includes three European institutional models that could be a reference for a possible Spanish “super-regulator” future reform.