Current Protocols in Laboratory Diagnosis, Genotyping, and Treatment of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Melioidosis is a tropical disease caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei. High rates of mortality among acute melioidosis survivors remain an unresolved problem and require prompt and appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Currently, the diagnosis relies on conventional methods, including culture, Gram stain, and biochemical testing. However, a reliable point-of-care test could enable earlier treatment and improve outcomes. Several immunological and molecular assays have been developed to overcome the limitations of conventional methods and to improve the efficiency of detection. Genotyping assays have played an important role in tracking the source of acquired B. pseudomallei infection and predicted its molecular epidemiology. Here, we review currently applied diagnostic protocols and treatment regimens for melioidosis and provide updates with respect to future diagnostic methods for the pathogen.