Las campañas a los puertos intermedios y la fase «peruana» de la independencia

Even though Peruvian historiography has devoted little attention to the campaigns at what are known as the intermediate ports, located between Callao and Valparaiso, these marked one of the most important moments of the so-called “Peruvian” independence phase, even though both ended in defeat. The campaigns deserve more academic attention, firstly because they are where most Peruvians were involved; secondly because, had they been successful, they would have resulted in very different states from those that exist today in this region of the continent; and thirdly because the problems that surfaced during these campaigns highlighted the difficulties the new emerging states would face.