Overview of battery energy storage systems readiness for digital twin of electric vehicles

The demand for energy is a relevant topic in the field of science and engineering, which has been discussed throughout the last years due to the challenges of climate change and environmental concerns around the world. Currently, electric vehicles (EVs) offer a source of mobility that emphasises the use of energy storage devices to reduce CO₂ emissions. The growing development of advanced data analytics and the Internet of Things has driven the implementation of the Digital Twin (DT), all to improve efficiency in the build, design and operation of the system. Regarding the components of EVs, the batteries are considered as the most expensive elements to analyse according to the State of Health and the State of Charge, which lead to implement the most optimal models, along with a DT for battery systems. The present article provides a literature review about the current development trends of EVs' energy storage technologies, with their corresponding battery systems, which gives an overview to understand different type of models and to identify future challenges in the industrial sector. Additionally, a solid explanation of the DT focussed on battery systems for EVs is discussed, highlighting some study cases, characteristics, and technological opportunities.