Wearable and implantable bioelectronics as eco-friendly and patient-friendly integrated nanoarchitectonics for next-generation smart healthcare technology

Since the beginning of human history, the demand for effective healthcare systems for diagnosis and treatment of health problems has grown steadily. However, traditional centralized healthcare requires hospital visits, making in-time and long-term healthcare challenging. Bioelectronics has shown potential in patient-friendly healthcare owing to the rapid advances in diverse fields of biology and electronics. In particular, wearable and implantable bioelectronics have emerged as an alternative or adjunct to conventional healthcare. To develop into next-generation healthcare systems, however, custom designs for biological targets with a deepened understanding of the intrinsic features of the target are essential. In addition, bioelectronic systems must be designed eco-friendly for sustainable healthcare. In this review, bioelectronics as eco-friendly and patient-friendly integrated nanoarchitectonics as next-generation smart healthcare technology are described. For an in-depth understanding of biological targets and guidelines for target-tailored design, we discuss target-specific considerations and relevant key parameters of bioelectronic systems with the representative examples.