{"title":"地理伦理:当审批机构的决定与健全的科学相矛盾时该怎么办?","authors":"M. Priddle","doi":"10.12789/geocanj.2017.44.122","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Three case studies in Canada are evaluated where a regulatory authority ruled that measures considered by some professionals to be without scientific basis and less protective of human health or the environment were the required courses of action. The three projects were in the field of environmental geoscience. In all three cases, the solution proposed by a Professional Geoscientist (P.Geo.) was opposed by a representative of a regulatory body that held authority for approval. The final outcomes that were approved by the regulator were less protective of human health (increased exposure to potential contaminants) and/or the environment (more resources used; higher contaminant exposure). In two of the three cases, the solutions were also more expensive to the client and the taxpayer. This paper explores the practice of professionalism in geoscience versus regulatory authorities that hold jurisdiction over geoscience in a broad sense. In each of the three cases, the professional opinions and analysis of the P.Geo. working for a private sector client were overridden by a professional (P.Geo. or Professional Engineer) in an approval authority. These three studies highlight the ethical decisions required by professional geoscientists in the face of regulators who hold control over areas of geoscience. Although the training of professionals is similar, regulators appear to be influenced by perceived risk as opposed to actual risk based on scientific evidence. Similarly, some policies do not have a solid scientific basis. As a result, sound scientific reasoning and resulting rational decisions may be hindered in regulatory decision-making. RESUME Trois etudes de cas canadiens sont evaluees, ou une autorite reglementaire a statue comme requises des mesures qui avaient ete declarees par des professionnels comme etant sans fondements scientifiques et moins protectrices pour la sante humaine ou les milieux de vie. Il s’agit de trois projets du domaine des geosciences des milieux de vie. Dans les trois cas, la solution proposee par un geologue professionnel (P.Geo.) a ete contestee par un representant d'un organisme reglementaire decisionnel. Les resultats definitifs approuves par l'organisme reglementaire protegeait moins la sante humaine (augmentation de l'exposition aux contaminants potentiels) et/ou le milieu de vie (plus de ressources utilisees; augmentation de l'exposition aux contaminants). Dans deux des trois cas, les solutions etaient egalement plus couteuses pour le client et le contribuable. Le present article explore la pratique professionnelle en geosciences par rapport a celle des autorites reglementaires qui ont juridiction dans le domaine des geosciences en general. Dans chacun de ces trois cas, les avis professionnels et l'analyse de P.Geo. travaillant pour un client du secteur prive ont ete supplantes par celui d’un professionnel (P.Geo. ou ingenieur professionnel) œuvrant a sein d’une autorite reglementaire. Ces trois etudes mettent en lumiere des decisions ethiques attendues de geoscientifiques professionnels face a des autorites reglementaires decisionnelles en certains domaines geoscientifiques. La formation de ces professionnels est similaire, mais il semble que les regulateurs soient influences par le risque percu plutot que par le risque reel etabli scientifiquement. De meme, certaines politiques n'ont pas une base scientifique solide. Il s’en suit qu’un raisonnement scientifique solide et des decisions rationnelles qui en resultent peuvent etre contrecarres par une decision reglementaire.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2017-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Geo-Ethics: What to do When Approval Authority Decisions Contradict Sound Science?\",\"authors\":\"M. Priddle\",\"doi\":\"10.12789/geocanj.2017.44.122\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Three case studies in Canada are evaluated where a regulatory authority ruled that measures considered by some professionals to be without scientific basis and less protective of human health or the environment were the required courses of action. The three projects were in the field of environmental geoscience. In all three cases, the solution proposed by a Professional Geoscientist (P.Geo.) was opposed by a representative of a regulatory body that held authority for approval. The final outcomes that were approved by the regulator were less protective of human health (increased exposure to potential contaminants) and/or the environment (more resources used; higher contaminant exposure). In two of the three cases, the solutions were also more expensive to the client and the taxpayer. This paper explores the practice of professionalism in geoscience versus regulatory authorities that hold jurisdiction over geoscience in a broad sense. In each of the three cases, the professional opinions and analysis of the P.Geo. working for a private sector client were overridden by a professional (P.Geo. or Professional Engineer) in an approval authority. These three studies highlight the ethical decisions required by professional geoscientists in the face of regulators who hold control over areas of geoscience. Although the training of professionals is similar, regulators appear to be influenced by perceived risk as opposed to actual risk based on scientific evidence. Similarly, some policies do not have a solid scientific basis. As a result, sound scientific reasoning and resulting rational decisions may be hindered in regulatory decision-making. RESUME Trois etudes de cas canadiens sont evaluees, ou une autorite reglementaire a statue comme requises des mesures qui avaient ete declarees par des professionnels comme etant sans fondements scientifiques et moins protectrices pour la sante humaine ou les milieux de vie. Il s’agit de trois projets du domaine des geosciences des milieux de vie. Dans les trois cas, la solution proposee par un geologue professionnel (P.Geo.) a ete contestee par un representant d'un organisme reglementaire decisionnel. Les resultats definitifs approuves par l'organisme reglementaire protegeait moins la sante humaine (augmentation de l'exposition aux contaminants potentiels) et/ou le milieu de vie (plus de ressources utilisees; augmentation de l'exposition aux contaminants). Dans deux des trois cas, les solutions etaient egalement plus couteuses pour le client et le contribuable. Le present article explore la pratique professionnelle en geosciences par rapport a celle des autorites reglementaires qui ont juridiction dans le domaine des geosciences en general. Dans chacun de ces trois cas, les avis professionnels et l'analyse de P.Geo. travaillant pour un client du secteur prive ont ete supplantes par celui d’un professionnel (P.Geo. ou ingenieur professionnel) œuvrant a sein d’une autorite reglementaire. Ces trois etudes mettent en lumiere des decisions ethiques attendues de geoscientifiques professionnels face a des autorites reglementaires decisionnelles en certains domaines geoscientifiques. La formation de ces professionnels est similaire, mais il semble que les regulateurs soient influences par le risque percu plutot que par le risque reel etabli scientifiquement. De meme, certaines politiques n'ont pas une base scientifique solide. 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Geo-Ethics: What to do When Approval Authority Decisions Contradict Sound Science?
Three case studies in Canada are evaluated where a regulatory authority ruled that measures considered by some professionals to be without scientific basis and less protective of human health or the environment were the required courses of action. The three projects were in the field of environmental geoscience. In all three cases, the solution proposed by a Professional Geoscientist (P.Geo.) was opposed by a representative of a regulatory body that held authority for approval. The final outcomes that were approved by the regulator were less protective of human health (increased exposure to potential contaminants) and/or the environment (more resources used; higher contaminant exposure). In two of the three cases, the solutions were also more expensive to the client and the taxpayer. This paper explores the practice of professionalism in geoscience versus regulatory authorities that hold jurisdiction over geoscience in a broad sense. In each of the three cases, the professional opinions and analysis of the P.Geo. working for a private sector client were overridden by a professional (P.Geo. or Professional Engineer) in an approval authority. These three studies highlight the ethical decisions required by professional geoscientists in the face of regulators who hold control over areas of geoscience. Although the training of professionals is similar, regulators appear to be influenced by perceived risk as opposed to actual risk based on scientific evidence. Similarly, some policies do not have a solid scientific basis. As a result, sound scientific reasoning and resulting rational decisions may be hindered in regulatory decision-making. RESUME Trois etudes de cas canadiens sont evaluees, ou une autorite reglementaire a statue comme requises des mesures qui avaient ete declarees par des professionnels comme etant sans fondements scientifiques et moins protectrices pour la sante humaine ou les milieux de vie. Il s’agit de trois projets du domaine des geosciences des milieux de vie. Dans les trois cas, la solution proposee par un geologue professionnel (P.Geo.) a ete contestee par un representant d'un organisme reglementaire decisionnel. Les resultats definitifs approuves par l'organisme reglementaire protegeait moins la sante humaine (augmentation de l'exposition aux contaminants potentiels) et/ou le milieu de vie (plus de ressources utilisees; augmentation de l'exposition aux contaminants). Dans deux des trois cas, les solutions etaient egalement plus couteuses pour le client et le contribuable. Le present article explore la pratique professionnelle en geosciences par rapport a celle des autorites reglementaires qui ont juridiction dans le domaine des geosciences en general. Dans chacun de ces trois cas, les avis professionnels et l'analyse de P.Geo. travaillant pour un client du secteur prive ont ete supplantes par celui d’un professionnel (P.Geo. ou ingenieur professionnel) œuvrant a sein d’une autorite reglementaire. Ces trois etudes mettent en lumiere des decisions ethiques attendues de geoscientifiques professionnels face a des autorites reglementaires decisionnelles en certains domaines geoscientifiques. La formation de ces professionnels est similaire, mais il semble que les regulateurs soient influences par le risque percu plutot que par le risque reel etabli scientifiquement. De meme, certaines politiques n'ont pas une base scientifique solide. Il s’en suit qu’un raisonnement scientifique solide et des decisions rationnelles qui en resultent peuvent etre contrecarres par une decision reglementaire.
期刊介绍:
Established in 1974, Geoscience Canada is the main technical publication of the Geological Association of Canada (GAC). We are a quarterly journal that emphasizes diversity of material, and also the presentation of informative technical articles that can be understood not only by specialist research workers, but by non-specialists in other branches of the Earth Sciences. We aim to be a journal that you want to read, and which will leave you better informed, rather than more confused.