The struggle for neutrality: An examination of the Duchy of Courland in the Baltic and Atlantic, 1642–1698

ABSTRACT The strategy of neutrality has long been referenced in terms of the Duchy of Courland’s dealings with its belligerent neighbours during the seventeenth century. This position was formed in response to Courland’s lack of agency and desire for greater independence amidst eastern Baltic power struggles. However, Courland’s activities were not limited to this locality, expanding under Duke Jakob (ruled 1642–1682) to continental trade and Atlantic colonialism. An investigation into the degree to which the dukes’ neutrality informed their wider activities will shed new light on the diversity of colonial approaches, alongside attitudes towards neutrality during the concept’s crystallisation.