Cardiovascular protective properties of green synthesised iron nanoparticles from Calendula officinalis leaf aqueous extract on Mitoxantrone-induced DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in HDMVECn, HUVEC, HAEC, HCAEC, HCASMC and HPAEC cells

Abstract In this study, iron nanoparticles were synthesised in aqueous medium using Calendula officinalis extract as stabilising and reducing agents. The synthesised nanoparticles (FeNPs) were characterised using different techniques, including UV–Vis. and FT-IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS). According to the XRD analysis, 34.29 nm was measured for FeNPs crystal size. SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology in size of 46.30 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. TUNEL test was used to show apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. The mitochondrial membrane potential was studied by Rhodamine123 fluorescence dye. Iron nanoparticles-treated cell cutlers decreased the DNA fragmentation. They raised the mitochondrial membrane potential in the high concentration of Mitoxantrone-treated HDMVECn, HUVEC, HAEC, HCAEC, HCASMC and HPAEC cells. The best result of cardiovascular protective properties was seen in the high dose of iron nanoparticles, i.e. 4 µg. According to the above findings, iron nanoparticles containing Calendula officinalis leaf aqueous extract may be administrated as a cardiovascular protective supplement for treating cardiovascular diseases after approving in the clinical trial studies in humans.