Values and the making of standards in ‘sustainable’ coffee networks: The case of 4C and Nestlé in México

The ‘sustainable’ coffee industry has experienced steady expansion in recent decades, due to the emerging demand and values of consumers. Coffee corporations have invested in this market segment, participating in multi-stakeholder initiatives through which they seek to control the definitions of sustainability and to secure the supply chain. After highlighting the ambiguity of the concept of sustainability, the article analyzes the impacts of the 4C code of conduct adopted by Nestlé, in the context of Mexico’s growing coffee crisis. It highlights the existing dissonance between the sustainability proclaimed by the code of conduct and the reality in the coffee producing regions of Mexico where Nestlé sources 4C certified coffee. It concludes that the application of this code is far from adhering to the values of economic, social, and environmental sustainability that it claims to defend.