China-Saudi Arabia Relations Through the ‘1 + 2+3’ Cooperation Pattern

Abstract 2020 marks the 30th anniversary of China-Saudi Arabia diplomatic relations, and over this time the relationship has evolved from one of marginal significance to a comprehensive strategic partnership. As China’s role in the Middle East expands, the partnership with Saudi Arabia will increase in importance. This article analyses the bilateral relationship by using the ‘1 + 2 + 3’ cooperation pattern as a framework. Introduced during the 2014 China-Arab States Cooperation Forum, this pattern articulates the cooperation priorities Beijing will focus on while engaging with Arab states: energy, trade and investment, infrastructure, nuclear energy, space satellite, and renewable energy. By analysing levels of China-Saudi cooperation through the ‘1 + 2 + 3’ we can determine the relative success of the initiative, anticipate the near-term trajectory of the bilateral relationship, and develop a framework for measuring China’s relations with other key states in the Middle East.