Pulmonary fibrosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: from pathophysiology to treatment strategies

ABSTRACT Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory autoimmune disease, characterized by symmetric destructive arthritis and synovitis. Lung involvement is frequent, including in the form of interstitial lung disease (ILD). RA-ILD often presents with a radiologic and pathologic pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia, similar to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, highlighting the similarities between the two diseases, but other patterns and pathological associations are described. Areas covered This article reviews the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis as well as the current and future therapeutic options. Expert opinion Pulmonary fibrosis in the setting of RA-ILD is an example of genotype–environment interaction and involves multiple mechanisms including autoimmunity, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Although ILD conveys most of the exceeding mortality in RA patients, there are no official guidelines for the management of RA-ILD. Attention should be paid to potential lung toxicity of RA treatment even though some of them might help stabilize the ILD. Current standard of care is often composed of glucocorticoids that may be associated with immunosuppressive therapy. Following the approval of antifibrotic therapy for ILDs with a progressive fibrosing phenotype, current works are evaluating the benefit of such treatment in RA-ILD.