Adolescent psychiatry of Y. Kasahara and succeeding research on Hikikomori in Europe and in Japan.

This paper will focus on the works of one of Japan's representative psychiatrists, Yomishi Kasahara, particularly on his works in the 1970s in which he proposed the concept of student apathy, and will discuss how this work was carried over into a contemporary topic, the study of "Hikikomori." Kasahara's well-known paper "Clinical Classification of Depression" (Kasahara and Kimura, 1975) described the present state of patients with Type III as "they do not have a complete set of symptoms as in Type I, but sometimes show dependency, strong exaggeration, complication of other neurotic symptoms, little tendency of self-reproaching, and tendency of accusing others"; the two subtypes as Type III-1 "those that remain at the neurotic level" and Type III-2 "those that transiently drop to the psychotic level." We have summarized and introduced below the case presented in the paper with this Type III-1. From today's perspective, where the concept of "Hikikomori" exists, this case could be considered as a typical case of "Hikikomori," that is, a person with a tendency to avoid social roles and responsibilities and to immerse oneself in areas with no responsibilities, such as hobbies. "Hikikomori" was discovered in the late 1980s, but to be precise, it was just that the concept emerged. The same clinical condition had already been brilliantly found by Kasahara in the 1970s under the concept of "apathy syndrome," which was distinguished from depression.