Fate, ecotoxicity, and remediation of phthalic acid ester in soils

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs), which are endocrine disruptors, tend to accumulate in soil and present unknown dangers to human health and soil ecosystems. The frequent residues of PAEs in plastic greenhouses soil should be taken serious consideration. In this work, the environmental behavior and remediation methods of PAEs in soil are reviewed. According to our current thinking, a number of factors, including soil structure, microbial activity, and plant and animal behavior, have posed a great impact on the migration and modification of PAEs in soil. The majority of soil biological toxicity caused by PAEs is accompanied by oxidative stress. Future PAEs-contaminated soil remediation technologies may benefit most from bioremediation.