Machine learning for weed–plant discrimination in agriculture 5.0: An in-depth review

Agriculture 5.0 is an emerging concept where sensors, big data, Internet-of-Things (IoT), robots, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are used for agricultural purposes. Different from Agriculture 4.0, robots and AI become the focus of the implementation in Agriculture 5.0. One of the applications of Agriculture 5.0 is weed management where robots are used to discriminate weeds from the crops or plants so that proper action can be performed to remove the weeds. This paper discusses an in-depth review of Machine Learning (ML) techniques used for discriminating weeds from crops or plants. We specifically present a detailed explanation of five steps required in using ML algorithms to distinguish between weeds and plants.