The photocatalytic H2O2 production by metal-free photocatalysts under visible-light irradiation

The photocatalytic H₂O₂ production from H₂O and O₂ over organic polymers is a promising approach to achieve solar-to-chemical energy conversion. The continuous efforts have led to rapid development of various metal-free-based photocatalysts for specific H₂O₂ production, but generalizations and summarization are obviously inadequate. This review mainly focuses on the state-of-the-art development process of metal-free-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic H₂O₂ production via combining O₂ reduction and H₂O oxidation reactions under visible light irradiation. The representative research work on photocatalytic H₂O₂ production by various metal-free-based photocatalytic systems, including graphite carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) and covalent organic polymers (COPs) was highlighted. The strategies for structure and property optimization of metal-free-based photocatalysts at molecular-level have been proposed for improving the photocatalytic performance. The challenges and future directions have also been provided to guide the design and synthesis of metal-free-based photocatalytic system.