Criminal activity in Silesia during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). Contribution to the research

It must be assumed that every war created people of the criminal margins and demobilization made the people, used to fighting and robbing, left with no prospect s. They were inclined to continue the activities they had been engaged in so far, but at the time, outside the ranks of the military unit s. During the wars, masses of various marauders and mercenaries followed the armies and sometimes they were absorbed into the ranks of the army they were shadowing. Only on the example of large cities in Silesia at that time, i.e. Legnica or partially Wrocław and Świdnica, can we learn about the scale of the phenomenon of common crime at that time, both that committed by soldiers and civilian s. The unrest during the period of armed conflict in the years 1618–1648 also brought about protests of the population against the then authoritie s. However, theft was the most common crime in modern penal systems, for which criminal sanctions were imposed on the most serious ones – the death penalty, corporal punishment, or discharge. The thieves’ plunders were all that had any material value and were left without proper supervision. Particularly negatively perceived in the eyes of the law was the theft by an employed service or jour-neyman to their employers or a church robbery. During or just after the Thirty Years’ War, we also observe an increase in persecution of people who were accused of harmful magic, i.e. witches and sorcerer s. Apart from the living, accusations of sinister, posthumous activity were also made against the dead ( posthumous magic ). In Silesia, epidemics also broke out, which were often brought with them by soldiers of the army, for whom the area became a place of accommodation or march. Witches or gravediggers from Silesian towns were accused of calling some of them. The Thirty Years’ War “created” various kinds of criminal s. Undoubtedly, the “product” of the 1618–1648 conflict was a well-known, serial killer Melchior Hedloff, who being tortured, confessed to 251 murder s. He was executed in Oleśnica in January 1654. Many new penitentiary facilities appeared both in Silesia and also in the