Modelling physical and ecological processes in medium-to-large deep European perialpine lakes: a review

In this paper we review a significant sample of the modelling studies carried out on medium-to-large deep European perialpine lakes (MLDEPLs). The reviewed bibliographic corpus was obtained querying Elsevier’s Scopus® database with a tailored search string on 8 January 2021. Results were filtered, accepting only journal papers written in English dealing with natural lakes having surface area > 10 km2. A list of 75 works was obtained, published between 1986 and 2021. Most studies have been carried out on Swiss lakes (44 out of 75 papers), Lake Geneva being the most investigated environment. A significant positive correlation was found between lake surface area and volume and the number of dedicated papers, suggesting that scientific attention is higher for environments characterised by large dimensions and relevant socio-economic interests. Both the number of papers and their citation count have experienced an exponential growth in time, pointing to a rising interest in quantitative modelling applications, but also to the increasing availability and ease of use of numerical modelling tools. Among the 75 selected papers, 55 employ a hydrodynamic driver, used alone or coupled with an ecological module, while the remnant 20 works adopt an ecological-only model. Among the papers employing hydrodynamic models, the use of three-dimensional (3D) drivers is surprisingly slightly more frequent (28 papers) than that of one-dimensional (1D) ones (26 papers), with most 3D applications having been published in the last 2011-2020 decade (24 papers). This reflects the interest on the hydrodynamic processes leading to the observed spatial heterogeneities in the biochemical properties of the MLDEPLs. However, coupling of ecological modules with 3D hydrodynamic drivers, to directly simulate these phenomena, is still restricted (2 papers) compared to that of 1D hydrodynamic drivers (8 papers), due to calibration and computational difficulties, which could be strongly reduced by future research achievements. Nevertheless, 1D models allow performing long-term prognoses considering multiple climate change and watershed management scenarios, due to their much smaller computational burden. The largest group of works dealing with ecological-only models (6 papers) is dedicated to applications of phosphorus budget models, which can above all be used to forecast variations in lake productivity in response to changes in the availability of the limiting nutrient. Graphical abstract