Рolissia干化灰化土条件下施肥制度对冬季小黑麦产量的影响

O. Savchuk, A. Melnichuk, O. Drebot
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Stationary experiment was established; the grain quality was determined with laboratory research method, and experimental data were processed using the Microsoft Office Excel computer program. Results. Research conducted in 2016–2020 found that during the triticale grain formation and filling, the productive moisture reserves of drained sod-podzolic soil in the 0–100 cm layer decreased to a critical level of 60–80 mm (130–200 mm was accounted for by the period of growth resumption). Under conditions of low soil moisture, when using biological fertilizer system (pea-oat mix by-product), grain yield was 2.62 t/ha, and the increase compared to the absolute control was to 14.9 %. On the background of predecessor by-products, when mineral fertilizers were applied in the recommended rate for the zone (N60P60K60), grain yield increased to 3.65 t/ha. The high yield of triticale grain (4.14 t/ha) was established when using increased (intensive) rate of mineral fertilizer N90P90K90 with separate nitrogen application in three stages (N30 – at sowing, N30 – stem elongation, N30 – grain formation) combined with by-products. It was noted that indicators of winter triticale grain quality depended on the fertilizer system. Thousand grain weight was 46.5–50.2 g, the maximum val-ues were in the high agronomic background. Grain volume weight was within 674–682 g/l, the difference between the variants was insignificant. Grain protein content on fertilized backgrounds was 11.8–12.7 %, when the rate was increased to N90P90K90 – 13.1 %, which is 1.2 % more than on the control variant. Conclusions. It was determined that the highest level of profitability of winter triticale cultivation was 144 % when by-products were used in the biological fertilization system. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

时事性。目前,在气候变化条件下,寻找提高排水土壤小黑麦生产效率的方法是一项必要而紧迫的任务,因为在这种条件下,没有科学研究来改进这种农作物的种植技术。问题。在乌克兰的波兰,考虑到小黑麦对生长条件的高适应性以及产量和产品质量的遗传潜力,可以解决增加粮食产量的问题。的目标。研究不同有机肥水平下冬季小黑麦籽粒产量和品质的形成特点,确定水分亏缺条件下排水灰化土最经济合理的施肥制度。方法。建立平稳实验;采用实验室研究方法测定籽粒品质,并使用Microsoft Office Excel计算机程序对实验数据进行处理。结果。2016-2020年的研究发现,在小黑麦籽粒形成和灌浆过程中,0-100 cm排干灰土的生产水分储量下降到60-80 mm的临界水平(恢复生长期占130-200 mm)。在低土壤水分条件下,施用生物肥料(豆燕麦混合副产物)时,籽粒产量为2.62 t/ hm2,比绝对对照增产14.9%。在前人副产品的基础上,以该区推荐用量(N60P60K60)施用矿肥,粮食产量提高到3.65 t/ha。采用氮肥N90P90K90的高(集约)施用量,分播期氮肥、茎伸期氮肥、成粒期氮肥和副产物氮肥施用,小黑麦籽粒产量达到4.14 t/ hm2。指出冬季小黑麦籽粒品质指标与施肥制度有关。千粒重为46.5 ~ 50.2 g,在高农艺背景下最大;粒容重在674 ~ 682 g/l之间,各变异间差异不显著。在施肥背景下,籽粒蛋白质含量为11.8 ~ 12.7%,增加到N90P90K90 ~ 13.1%,比对照提高1.2个百分点。结论。结果表明,在生物施肥系统中使用副产物时,冬季小黑麦栽培的最高收益率为144%。N90P90K90配施副产物籽粒产量最高(4.14 t/ hm2),蛋白质含量最高(13.1%),但小黑麦种植的收益率下降至77%。研究表明,矿质肥料在提高产量和改善粮食品质的同时降低了作物种植的盈利能力。关键词:小黑麦,施肥系统,改良土地,水分供应,生产力,粮食品质,成本效益
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Influence of fertilizer system on winter triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) productivity in the condition of drained soddy podzolic soil of Рolissia
Topicality. Currently, the search for ways to improve the efficiency of triticale production on drained soils under conditions of climate change is a necessary and urgent task, since there is no scientific research to improve the technology of growing this agricultural crop under such conditions. Issues. In the Polissia of Ukraine, triticale can solve the problem of increasing grain production, considering the high adaptive properties to growing conditions and the genetic potential of yield and product quality. Aim. To study the formation peculiarities of winter triticale grain yield and quality at different levels of organomineral fertilization, and determine the most economically justified fertilizer system on drained sod-podzolic soil in conditions of moisture deficit. Methods. Stationary experiment was established; the grain quality was determined with laboratory research method, and experimental data were processed using the Microsoft Office Excel computer program. Results. Research conducted in 2016–2020 found that during the triticale grain formation and filling, the productive moisture reserves of drained sod-podzolic soil in the 0–100 cm layer decreased to a critical level of 60–80 mm (130–200 mm was accounted for by the period of growth resumption). Under conditions of low soil moisture, when using biological fertilizer system (pea-oat mix by-product), grain yield was 2.62 t/ha, and the increase compared to the absolute control was to 14.9 %. On the background of predecessor by-products, when mineral fertilizers were applied in the recommended rate for the zone (N60P60K60), grain yield increased to 3.65 t/ha. The high yield of triticale grain (4.14 t/ha) was established when using increased (intensive) rate of mineral fertilizer N90P90K90 with separate nitrogen application in three stages (N30 – at sowing, N30 – stem elongation, N30 – grain formation) combined with by-products. It was noted that indicators of winter triticale grain quality depended on the fertilizer system. Thousand grain weight was 46.5–50.2 g, the maximum val-ues were in the high agronomic background. Grain volume weight was within 674–682 g/l, the difference between the variants was insignificant. Grain protein content on fertilized backgrounds was 11.8–12.7 %, when the rate was increased to N90P90K90 – 13.1 %, which is 1.2 % more than on the control variant. Conclusions. It was determined that the highest level of profitability of winter triticale cultivation was 144 % when by-products were used in the biological fertilization system. The N90P90K90 fertilizer system combined with by-products produced the highest grain yield (4.14 t/ha) and protein content (13.1 %), but profitability of triticale cultivation decreased to 77 %. Studies have shown that mineral fertilizers increase the yield and improve the grain quality while reducing the profitability of growing the crop. Keywords: triticale, fertilizer system, improved land, moisture supply, productivity, grain quality, cost-effectiveness.
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