Seawater Breakthrough Monitoring and Reservoir-Model Improvement Using Natural Boron

Natural geochemical data, which refer to the natural ion concentration in produced water, contain important reservoir information, but is seldomly exploited. Some ions were used as conservative tracers to obtain better knowledge of reservoir. However, using only conservative ions can limit the application of geochemical data as most ions are nonconservative and can either interact with formation rock or react with other ions. Besides, mistakenly using nonconservative ion as being conservative may cause unexpected results. In order to further explore the nonconservative natural geochemical information, the interaction between ion and rock matrix is integrated into the reservoir simulator to describe the nonconservative ion transport in porous media. Boron, which is a promising nonconservative ion, is used to demonstrate the application of nonconservative ion. Based on the new model, the boron concentration data together with water production rate and oil production rate are assimilated through ensemble smoother multiple data assimilation (ES-MDA) algorithm to improve the reservoir model. Results indicate that including nonconservative ion data in the history matching process not only yield additional improvement in permeability field, but also can predict the distribution of clay content, which can promote the accuracy of using boron data to determine injection water breakthrough percentage. However, mistakenly regarding nonconservative ion being conservative in the history matching workflow can deteriorate the accuracy of reservoir model.