海洋垃圾对沙滩动物的影响:研究方向的综述

L. L. Costa, L. Fanini, Mohamed Ben-Haddad, Maurizio Pinna, I. Zalmon
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引用次数: 16

摘要

为了确定研究如何有助于了解海洋垃圾对海滩的压力,我们回顾了海滩动物与这种污染物的相互作用。鳍足类动物在渔具上的缠结、大型无脊椎动物数量与沉积物污染之间的负相关以及洞穴周围塑料的存在是海滩动物与搁浅垃圾相互作用的主要证据。摄入是研究的主体;通过实验室实验和现场收集研究了无脊椎动物对微塑料的吸收,报告了组织中聚合物的存在。在自然环境下,海滩和沉积物污染周围的城市化程度越高,双壳类动物器官中的微塑料浓度越高。这种方法目前是主要的研究方向,但生态毒理学分析是评估微塑料暴露影响的新兴前景。搁浅的宏观塑料会缠住和诱捕无脊椎动物和脊椎动物,研究报告称,与海豹和海龟的负面互动越来越多。居住生物和暂居生物筑巢和摄食行为的变化已被证明是海洋垃圾影响的典型预警指标。关注动物与垃圾之间的相互作用为研究和公民科学项目提供了巨大的潜力,最终成为沙滩环境意识的强大推动力。
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Marine Litter Impact on Sandy Beach Fauna: A Review to Obtain an Indication of Where Research Should Contribute More
In order to identify how research contributes to the knowledge of marine litter as a pressure on beaches, we reviewed interactions of beach fauna with this pollutant. Entanglement of pinnipeds in fishing gear, negative correlations between macroinvertebrates abundance and sediment pollution, and the presence of plastic surrounding burrows were primary evidence of beach fauna interacting with stranded litter. Ingestion represents the main body of research; microplastic uptake by invertebrates has been studied by laboratory experiments and field collections to report the presence of polymers in tissues. In the natural context, the higher the urbanization surrounding beaches and sediment pollution, the higher the concentration of microplastics in organs of bivalves. This approach currently constitutes the main research direction, but ecotoxicological assays are emerging prospects to assess the effects of exposure to microplastics. Beached macroplastics entangle and entrap invertebrates and vertebrates, and studies have reported increasing negative interactions with seals and sea turtles. Changes in nesting and feeding behavior of resident and transient organisms have been shown as typical early warning indicators of marine litter impacts. The focus on fauna–litter interactions holds terrific potential for research and citizen science projects, which finally becomes a powerful driver towards environmental awareness on sandy beaches.
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