乌克兰南部草原传统和有机种植技术下现代向日葵杂交品种生物特征指标和物候特征的形成

O. G. Zhuykov, O. O. Burdiug
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摘要

本文介绍了基本物候(主要物候期的发生日期和界面期的持续时间,植被的总持续时间)的复合体和最基本的生物特征指标(株高、节间长度、面积、叶片的厚度和形状、叶片的色素含量等)的形成的分析结果。传统栽培技术和有机栽培技术在土壤剖面上的同化装置参数和栽培根系分化。通过设置双因素田间试验,在PR64F66 F1和Tunca F1两个变异中分别施用因子a(向日葵杂交种),在传统(集约)控制和有机技术改良的5个变异中施用因子B(栽培技术)。采用经验分割图法,经验重复4倍,所有观察和研究均按常规技术在两个非相邻重复上进行。与集约化相比,有机技术有助于延长生长发育的主要阶段和间期(从开花到种子成熟)的持续时间,延长4-5天,同时减少个体发生的起始阶段(发芽-形成篮子)的持续时间。此外,植物的平均高度指数降低,而叶片的叶长、叶线长、叶面积、叶厚和色素填充增加,节间长度减少,叶厚指数增加。有机技术使向日葵根系发育更加活跃,土壤剖面上的活性质量也发生了分化。在农业技术措施的帮助下,组织杂草保护并没有降低向日葵植株的存活率:在生长期间,每单位面积的植株死亡数量处于集约栽培技术的类似基准水平。
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Formation of biometric indicators and phenological characteristics of modern sunflower hybrids with conventional and organic growing technology in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine
The article presents the results of the analysis of the complex of basic phenological (the date of occur-rence of the main phenological phases and the duration of interfacial periods, the total duration of vegetation) and the formation of the most fundamental biometric indicators (plant height, length of internodes, area, thickness and shape of leaf blades, their pigment content, the parameters of the assimilation apparatus and differentiation of the root system of culture in the soil profile) with traditional and organic cultivation technology. The goal was achieved by laying down a two-factor field experiment in which factor A (sunflower hybrid) was presented in two variants: PR64F66 F1 and Tunca F1, factor B (cultivation technology) in five variants: traditional (intensive) control and four modifications of organic technology. The method of experience-split plots, repetition of experience – four-fold, all observations and studies were carried out on two non-adjacent repetitions according to conventional tech-niques. It is established that organic technology compared to intensive, has contributed to prolongation of the duration of the main phases of growth and development, and interphase periods (from flowering to seed ripening) for 4-5 days while reducing the duration of the starting stages of ontogenesis (the germination-the formation of baskets). Also , the index of the average height of plants decreased while increasing their foliage, linear size and area of the leaf blade, its thickness and pigment filling, reducing the length of internodes and increasing the index of leafiness of agrophytocenosis. Organic technology contributed to the more active development of the root system of sunflower and differentiation of its active mass on the soil profile. The organization of crop protection from weeds with the help of agrotechnical measures did not reduce the survival rate of sunflower plants: the number of plants killed per unit of acreage during the growing sea-son was at the level of a similar benchmark with intensive cultivation technology.
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