経営リーダーシップの起源と二分法的考察について (On the Origin of Business Leadership and the Dichotomous Theoretical Framework)

Japanese Abstract: 本論文は、歴史的順序に従って、人類のリーダーシップの起源を検討（第2節）した後に、経営リーダーシップの起源を考察するという第一の目的を持っている。経営リーダーシップは、創業者や企業家のようなトップ・マネジメントが排他的に行使するものであった。しかし、19世紀末から20世紀初頭に出現した専門職業経営者は、マネジメントだけでなく経営リーダーシップも担うようになったという仮説を経営者の役割という観点から検討（第3節）するのが本論文の第二の目的である。そして、この史実から派生し、後世の研究者が繰り返し行っているマネジャーとリーダーの比較、すなわち経営リーダーシップの二分法的考察を検討する（第4節）のが本論文の第三の目的である。

English Abstract: This paper is to explore the origin of business leadership and the dichotomous theoretical framework frequently observed in modern leadership theories. The human leadership was originated among foragers in primordial time according to their physical strength and intellectual capacity. Although humans experienced such critical revolutions of cognition, agriculture, and science, humans had yet to wait for the industrial revolution of 18th century to meet with the business leadership, that was originated by full-time salaried executives who replaced entrepreneurs and appeared around late 19th century. Executives had to take burden of performing both general management and leadership, because they were not entrepreneurial founders who had performed both from the inception of their companies. The nature of executive leadership observed around early 20th century is explored by referring to C.I. Barnard’s The Functions of The Executive. The dichotomous theoretical framework of “Managers and Leaders” was first presented by A. Zaleznik who discussed their respective characteristic qualities. It has been repeatedly employed and persists. Among those, B.M. Bass and B.J. Avolio’s Transformational-Transactional Leadership theory attracts many academic followers whose works show the usefulness of the dichotomous theoretical framework in the study of business leadership.