Diagnostic possibilities of urinalysis

Urinalysis is one of the most frequent methods of patient examination. This technique combines ease of routine use and high diagnostic capabilities for detecting early pathology. This technique permits identification of both localised and systemic diseases not limited to the chronic or acute kidney disease, among which are diabetes mellitus, multiple myeloma, hypothalamic disease, and pituitary disorders. This lecture discusses the clinical significance of general urinalysis, the  aspects  of  patient  preparation,  sample transportation, and interpretation of the results, including the causes of false-positive and falsenegative results. In addition, we draw a particular attention to the differential diagnosis with regards to the results obtained. The lecture is aimed at all medical specialists and also at medical students.