Role of microbiome in development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis (review)

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a disturbed response to infection. Its development is preceded by systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is the overall inflammatory response of the body to severe lesions. The role of opportunistic pathogens in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis may be known, but the value of the intestinal microbiome remains underestimated in this context. Experimental models are widely employed to study the role of the microbiome in the development of sepsis. Animal models of sepsis are created by disrupting the barrier function of the host intestine through cecal ligation/puncture, installation of an ascending bowel stent, and intraperitoneal feces injection. Toxemia is reproduced by the injection of lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acid, CpG DNA, zymosan, and synthetic lipopeptides. The review systematized data on the role of the cell wall or membrane components of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which are representatives of the intestinal microbiome in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.