Kinetics Of The Hyoid Skeleton Of The Rock Dove (Patagioenas livia)

The hyoid skeleton of the rock dove (Patagioenas livia) is a well developed. It consists of three axial unpaired elements and a paired hyoid horn. The axial skeleton comprises anterior paraglossale, a middle basihyale, and a posterior urohyale. The paired hyoid horn consists of ceratobranchiale and epibranchiale. The hyoid skeletal elements allows sites for attachment of extrinsic an d intrinsic lingual muscles which are forces generate the mechanical structure of the tongue. The retraction of the tongue performs by the contraction of the muscle stylohyoideus. The muscle branchiomandibularis perform the protraction of the tongue. The expression of the anterior part of the tongue must done by the contraction of the muscle ceratoglossus. Bending of this part of the tongue is allowed by the contraction of the muscle hypoglossus anterior.