The Effect of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite (CHA) Dental Implant Material on the Early Development of Zebrafish Embryos (Danio rerio)

Carbonate Hydroxyapatite (CHA) is one of the bioceramic materials that can be used as dental implants. As dental implant material, the biocompatibility of CHA is an important prerequisite factor. This study aims to determine the biocompatibility of CHA on zebrafish embryos. The zebrafish embryos treatment was carried out on 3 hours post-fertilization (hpf) embryos aged. The embryos were exposed to CHA with concentrations of 15 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml, 500 μg/ml, and 2000 μg/ml, respectively. Biocompatibility assessment was carried out by measuring the hatching rate, survival, morphological changes, and embryo physiological performance, respectively. The hatching rate was determined as the number of embryos that hatched at 48, 72, and 96 hpf. The survival rate was determined by the number of live embryos at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpf, respectively. Moreover, the morphological change was observed on the shape of the embryo’s heart and yolk, as well as the tail-yolk detachment as an indicator of a normal body wall occurrence, respectively. Moreover, the physiological performance was decided base on the heartbeat rate performance of the embryos. The result showed no effect of CHA on the hatching and survival rate as well as embryo morphology in all treatments. All embryos heart laterality was normally formed, and the tail-yolk detachment occurred at the period of 24 hpf, which indicated normal development of the embryo. The heartbeat rate showed no differences between CHA treatment compared to control, where the embryo heartbeat rate in all treatments was more than 200/minute, indicating normal embryos development. In conclusion, the CHA treatment did not cause any measurable development defect on