分子植物育种与基因组编辑的概念

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摘要

传统的植物育种依赖于作物植物的自发和诱导突变。这种突变是罕见的,是随机发生的。相比之下,分子育种和基因组编辑是先进的育种技术,可以加强选择过程,并在任何作物中产生精确的靶向修饰。基于ssr和snp的分子标记鉴定以及高通量(HTP)基因分型平台的可用性加速了生成密集遗传连锁图谱的过程,从而增强了标记辅助育种在作物改良中的应用。促进精确、高效和有针对性的基因组位点修改的先进分子生物学技术被称为“基因组编辑”。基因组编辑工具包括“锌指核酸酶(ZNFs)”、“转录激活因子样效应核酸酶(TALENs)”、寡核苷酸定向突变(ODM)和“聚集规律穿插短回复性重复序列(CRISPER/Cas)系统”,可用于靶向基因编辑。本章介绍了分子植物育种和基因组编辑系统的概念。
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Concepts of Molecular Plant Breeding and Genome Editing
Traditional plant breeding depends on spontaneous and induced mutations available in the crop plants. Such mutations are rare and occur randomly. By contrast, molecular breeding and genome editing are advanced breeding techniques that can enhance the selection process and produce precisely targeted modifications in any crop. Identification of molecular markers, based on SSRs and SNPs, and the availability of high-throughput (HTP) genotyping platforms have accelerated the process of generating dense genetic linkage maps and thereby enhanced application of marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Advanced molecular biology techniques that facilitate precise, efficient, and targeted modifications at genomic loci are termed as “genome editing.” The genome editing tools include “zinc-finger nucleases (ZNFs),” “transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs),” oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (ODM), and “clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPER/Cas) system,” which can be used for targeted gene editing. Concepts of molecular plant breeding and genome editing systems are presented in this chapter.
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