Stand structure and regeneration status of tree species in four major forest types along an altitudinal gradient in Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand

The present study was undertaken in four major forests (Teak forest, Sal forest, Pine forest and Oak forest) along an altitudinal gradient between altitude 300 m – 2080 m of Kumaun Himalaya. The total density and basal area of trees ranged between 470 ind. ha and 916.67 ind. ha and from 37.82 m ha to 67.41 m ha respectively. Maximum species richness for trees was reported at site KD (17) and minimum at site MG (7). The maximum beta diversity index was recorded for KD forest (5.46) and the minimum was reported for BP forest site (3.12). Regeneration status of forest sites varied from good regeneration to poor or no regeneration. Site MG was found very poor in regeneration. Proportionate distribution of trees, seedlings and saplings showed that site KD contained maximum density of seedlings in comparison with other sites. The minimum density of seedlings was recorded at site MG. This is due to heavy livestock grazing pressure at this site. The results of the study provide baseline data to conserve and recover different forests along the altitudinal gradient and will also help to formulate conservation strategies of forests in Himalaya.