现场审核在环境质量保证管理中的作用。

D. R. Claycomb
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引用次数: 1

摘要

环境数据质量的改善继续集中在分析实验室的绩效上,很少(如果有的话)关注改善负责样本收集的现场顾问的绩效。许多环境专业人员通常认为,数据错误的主要机会在于实验室进行的活动。环境数据评估和项目范围质量保证计划的经验表明,影响环境数据质量的一个经常被忽视的因素是在实地获取和处理样本的方式。如果样品在现场没有正确收集、保存、储存和运输,即使是最好的实验室实践和分析方法也无法提供准确可靠的数据(即,输入的坏数据等于输出的坏数据)。质量差的环境数据可能导致对场地特征和补救行动的不适当决定。现场审计正在成为一种经常使用的技术,用于检查环境采样现场小组的绩效以及他们的绩效如何影响数据质量。现场审计通常侧重于:(1)核实现场顾问在现场作业期间遵守项目控制文件(例如,工作计划和标准作业程序[SOPs]);(2)提供第三方独立保证,确保现场程序、质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC)协议和现场文件足以产生令人满意的质量数据;(三)现场程序有疑问时提出抗辩;(4)确定降低采样成本的方法。现场审计通常在意外情况下最有效;也就是说,抽样承包商可能知道在抽样活动的某个阶段将进行实地审计,但不知道将进行审计的具体日期。审计也应在抽样方案的早期进行,以便在审计期间发现的缺陷可以在大多数外地活动完成之前得到解决。应执行第二次审核作为后续工作,以确认建议的变更已得到实施。指派一名实地审计员负责项目,办法是尽可能使审计员的经验与正在进行的实地活动类型相匹配。审核员使用根据项目控制文件中包含的关键信息编制的项目特定现场审计核对表。在审计过程中完成广泛的审计核对表,使审核员集中于评价正在进行的外地活动的每个方面。现场审核员可以在收集样品的同时进行检查,而不是在采样后检查现场团队的表现,并酌情采取实时纠正措施。实地审计的结果是,责任方经常看到其顾问的外地程序有了很大的改进,从而以较低的费用收到更可靠和有代表性的外地数据。通过正确完成现场审计,可以节省成本并提高数据质量,从而使现场审计过程具有成本效益和功能。
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The role of field auditing in environmental quality assurance management.
Environmental data quality improvement continues to focus on analytical laboratoryperformance with little, if any, attention given to improving the performance of field consultants responsible for sample collection. Many environmental professionals often assume that the primary opportunity for data error lies within the activities conducted by the laboratory. Experience in the evaluation of environmental data and project-wide quality assurance programs indicates that an often-ignored factor affecting environmental data quality is the manner in which a sample is acquired and handled in the field. If a sample is not properly collected, preserved, stored, and transported in the field, even the best laboratory practices and analytical methods cannot deliver accurate and reliable data (i.e., bad data in equals bad data out). Poor quality environmental data may result in inappropriate decisions regarding site characterization and remedial action. Field auditing is becoming an often-employed technique for examining the performance of the environmental sampling field team and how their performance may affect data quality. The field audits typically focus on: (1) verifying that field consultants adhere to project control documents (e.g., Work Plans and Standard Operating Procedures [SOPs]) during field operations; (2) providing third-party independent assurance that field procedures, quality assurance/ quality control (QA/QC)protocol, and field documentation are sufficient to produce data of satisfactory quality; (3) providing a defense in the event that field procedures are called into question; and (4) identifying ways to reduce sampling costs. Field audits are typically most effective when performed on a surprise basis; that is, the sampling contractor may be aware that a field audit will be conducted during some phase of sampling activities but is not informed of the specific day(s) that the audit will be conducted. The audit also should be conducted early on in the sampling program such that deficiencies noted during the audit can be addressed before the majority of field activities have been completed. A second audit should be performed as a follow-up to confirm that the recommended changes have been implemented. A field auditor is assigned to the project by matching, as closely as possible, the auditor's experience with the type of field activities being conducted. The auditor uses a project-specific field audit checklist developed from key information contained in project control documents. Completion of the extensive audit checklist during the audit focuses the auditor on evaluating each aspect of field activities being performed. Rather than examine field team performance after sampling, a field auditor can do so while the samples are being collected and can apply real-time corrective action as appropriate. As a result of field audits, responsible parties often observe vast improvements in their consultant's field procedures and, consequently, receive more reliable and representative field data at a lower cost. The cost savings and improved data quality that result from properly completed field audits make the field auditing process both cost-effective and functional.
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