A Comprehensive Review of 5G Networks for Sustainable and Smart Cities

The transition from the first generation of technology, which only had an analog voice, to the fifth generation, which also had connected gadgets, gave the technology a new structure and changed how people used it. Fifth-generation wireless technology, often known as 5G, is on the cusp of reaching its potential maximum data transfer rate with a peak data throughput of 20 gigabits per second (Gbps) and a typical data transfer rate of more than 100 megabits per second (Mbps). The Internet of Things serves as the cornerstone of the future, and it is projected that by 2025, individual users will use 13 times the amount of data that we do at this time. Therefore, 5G is extremely important and the main feature of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, which was ratified by all of the Member States of the United Nations in 2015, and is the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which represent an urgent call to action for all nations. These goals are referred to collectively as the "SDGs." This study intends to examine how 5G networks might serve as important facilitators for achieving sustainability and meeting some of the 17 SDGs. This is further highlighted by evaluating the sustainability metrics for 5G networks. Ultimately, this helps to demonstrate that 5G networks are environmentally, socially, and economically responsible. This study focuses on the five primary SDGs that are important for the growth of smart cities.