Evaluating the appropriate fuel-based bus technology in Indian context by integrating Fuzzy AHP-Fuzzy TOPSIS

According to WHO, India's transportation sector accounts for 11% of its CO2 emissions. Sustainable energy-based bus transportation systems are a necessity in Indian context. However, factors like capital cost, refueling infrastructure, etc. are also important as most State Road Transport Undertakings (SRTUs) are operating in severe losses. This study evaluates the most effective fuel-based bus transport system in the Indian context through the comparative analysis of electric buses, hydrogen fuel cell buses, compressed natural gas (CNG) buses, and conventional diesel buses. Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) approach was employed through the use of Fuzzy AHP-Fuzzy TOPSIS tool. Electric buses were found to be the best alternative, and the stakeholders placed less importance on noise levels and rated the initial cost of buying a bus, tailpipe emissions, and operating costs as major determining parameters. The findings may help national and state-level decision-making agencies in planning for the future sustainable bus systems.